The propagation of using drugs on the road was the main reason for focusing on the development of the rapid methods which are used to detect the presence of drugs which may have been taken. Oral fluid has become a popular specimen to test for the presence of drugs. In vitro tongues were prepared with different concentrations of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC E4M); one of these concentrations was chosen to be used for tests. Chemical reagents were prepared which included: cobalt thiocyanate, fast blue B test, Marquis, Mandelin and Zimmerman reagents which were used to examine eight drugs in three different concentrations, each of 10.0 mg/mL, 05.0 mg/mL and 01.0 mg/mL where each reagent was used for a particular drug. The drugs were amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), codeine, diazepam, heroin, methadone and morphine. Each drug was tested by a specific reagent. The difference in the concentrations gave various results in terms of achieving positive results and the ratio of the clarity of the colour. The amount of the drug on the tongue was between 20 μg and 400 μg. Positive and negative results were obtained in this study. Most of the high concentrations gave positive results; however, the low concentrations gave different results which were between positive, negative and light or very light in colour. In conclusion, there is an explanation of the difference in sensitivity of the effects of the different kinds of reagents in the drug, such as cobalt thiocyanate which was more sensitive at the low concentration of heroin and gave a clear result.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

Background: Dyslipidemia is an established cardiovascular risk factor in persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D), yet the extent to which these conditions co-occur in Africa is unknown. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia among persons with T2D in Africa. Methods: Medline, Embase, Global Health, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched on 5 December 2023. This review adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and was prospectively registered on PROSPERO. The prevalence data for dyslipidemia was pooled through a random-effects meta-analysis. The authors assessed heterogeneity and publication bias using I2 statistics and Egger’s test, respectively. Results: Our search identified 8035 records, of which 60 articles involving 20 034 individuals with T2D were included in this review. The pooled prevalence of dyslipidemia recorded 38.6% (95% CI: 34.1–43.4) for high TC (≥ 5.2 mmol/l), 52.7% (95% CI: 44.2–61.1) for high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (≥ 2.6 mmol/l), 43.5% (95% CI: 37.1–50.0) for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (< 1.0 mmol/l in men and less than 1.3 mmol/l in women), and 37.4% (95% CI: 32.2–42.9) for high triglycerides (TG) (≥ 1.7 mmol/l). Subgroup analysis based on gender indicated a notably higher prevalence of dyslipidemia among females compared to males. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia is prevalent among persons with T2D in Africa. This highlights the need for early screening, diagnosis, and management of dyslipidemia to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular complications in this population.

Emmanuel ekpor

The work presented in this paper is analysis and design of power efficient Network on Chips (NoCs). NoC architecture, routers, structure of NoC, topologies and their components has been discussed in this work. The parameters likely speed, latency, static and dynamic power is analyzed. This work found better results as compared to previous works.

Ashish mulajkar

Cet article montre l’analyse des erreurs dans l’enseignement/apprentissage du Français Langue Étrangère au Ghana. Il a pour objectif principal d’analyser les erreurs commises en production écrite par les étudiants de Français Langue Étrangère (FLE) à l’Université du Ghana. Le corpus a été constitué du lexique de 100 apprenants. Les instruments de collecte des données ont été les questionnaires et les rédactions/compositions. Ces derniers ont été rédigés par les étudiants des niveaux 300 et 400. Etant donné la nature de l’étude, l’approche quantitative et l’approche qualitative ont été utilisées comme mode d’investigation. L’approche qualitative porte sur le modèle de l’analyse des erreurs proposé par Corder (1967) et l’approche quantitative met en évidence des données observables et quantifiables. Les principales erreurs rencontrées dans les productions écrites des étudiants ont été celles de la morphosyntaxe. Ces erreurs commises ont été analysés. Les recommandations de notre étude ont pour but d’améliorer la production écrite en Français Langue Étrangère.

Assanvo

The incidence of diabetes mellitus has increased globally making it a major public health concern. Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder that causes an imbalance in the electrolytes which regulate essential metabolic mechanisms of the body. This study aimed to estimate the electrolyte levels in Libyan patients with type II diabetes mellitus and to investigate their relations to glycemic control and body mass index. A total of 122 Libyan subjects whose ages ranged between 35 years and 60 years for both sexes were included in this study, 77 patients were type II diabetic patients (37 males and 40 females) and 45 subjects were healthy individuals (23 males and 22 females) live in Tripoli area, Libya. The levels of blood glucose, HbA1c, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and calcium were estimated in this study along with the measurement of body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. All the findings were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA test. Significant increases in glucose, HbA1c, potassium, chloride, calcium, blood pressure and BMI among diabetic patients were observed as compared to the healthy individuals. On the other hand, significant decreases in sodium and magnesium levels among the diabetic patients were observed as compared to the control group. In addition, significant alterations in all the biochemical parameters in uncontrolled diabetic patients as compared to the controlled diabetic patients, and in unhealthy weight diabetic patients as compared to the healthy weight patients. It is concluded that diabetes mellitus results in an imbalance of electrolytes. Poor glycemic control and obesity have adverse effects on electrolyte balance among diabetic Libyan patients. Good glycemic control, maintaining a healthy weight and regular evaluation of electrolytes among diabetics can reduce the fatalities associated with electrolyte rearrangements.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

Urolithiasis is a very old and common urological disorder with its worldwide prevalence, multi-factorial etiology, increased recurrent rate and severe consequences. The adverse effects of currently available antiurolithiatic agents potentiate natural product researchers to explore natural antiurolithiatic compounds with fewer side effects. The presented communication is actually a review of the antiurolithiatic effect of four hundred and fifty-seven (457) plants belonging to one hundred and eight (108) families found in different parts of the world. This review will provide helpful information for discovering natural antiurolitiatic compounds and fill the gaps in knowledge.

Dr. salman ahmed

Reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is used worldwide to test and trace the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2). “Extraction-less” or “direct” real time–reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a transparent and accessible qualitative method for SARS-CoV-2 detection from nasopharyngeal or oral pharyngeal samples with the potential to generate actionable data more quickly, at a lower cost, and with fewer experimental resources than full RT-qPCR. This study engaged 10 global testing sites, including laboratories currently experiencing testing limitations due to reagent or equipment shortages, in an international interlaboratory ring trial. Participating laboratories were provided a common protocol, common reagents, aliquots of identical pooled clinical samples, and purified nucleic acids and used their existing in-house equipment. We observed 100% concordance across laboratories in the correct identification of all positive and negative samples, with highly similar cycle threshold values. The test also performed well when applied to locally collected patient nasopharyngeal samples, provided the viral transport media did not contain charcoal or guanidine, both of which appeared to potently inhibit the RT-PCR reaction. Our results suggest that direct RT-PCR assay methods can be clearly translated across sites utilizing readily available equipment and expertise and are thus a feasible option for more efficient COVID-19 coronavirus disease testing as demanded by the continuing pandemic.

Bitrus inuwa

Purpose of this study is examining the cause of stress among selected private banking employees. Stratified sampling method was used to carry out the data collection. For this employee of various private banks were chosen. A questionnaire with 12 items with dichotomous (Yes-1, NO-2) were developed and tested for reliability and prior to the distribution of questionnaire. 253 respondents were selected from various private banks in Mysore district, Karnataka state India. The survey questionnaire was sent via email, requesting to complete it. The questionnaire includes 11 demographic information’s and statements to measure. Chi-Square analysis was carried out to examine the cause of stress among employee using SPSS21. We found that designations have significant influence on employee and The other factors of do not have any significant influence on employee. Therefore we concluded that in private banks demographic variable such as designation creates stress in all aspects. Future research should consider a larger sample from leading sectors where job natures are similar. Analysis should be more rigorous, where Amos could be used for analysis.

Dr manjunatha m k

Accounting is a fundamental aspect of business operations because it records transactions through which businesses achieve and retain profitability. Recoding transactions is an important aspect of business because the primary goal of businesses is to maximise profitability (Tirole, 2010). Accounting lays the groundwork to manage the income, expenses, assets and cash flow of the firm, all of which are pivotal to the financial health of the business regardless of its size. This report discusses different accounting principles in practice. The first task utilises the double-entry method to record the transactions of the business in ledgers using the double-entry method. This task also includes the formulation of a trial balance using the balance off rule and illustrates to which final account each trial balance entry is attributable. The second task involves the creation of final accounts for different businesses. The legal implications of varying business structures differ, so their financial statements are different. This task also includes a discussion of the properties, purposes, and structures of different financial statements. The third task addresses bank reconciliation. Bank reconciliation resolves any discordance between the records of the business and its bank statement. The gist of the fourth task is the use of control accounts. Control accounts summarise ledger balances to ensure a match between those accounts and the accounts in the ledger of each account.

Zamzam abdelazim

The decision of the government of India to allow foreign direct investment in higher education is based on a consultation paper prepared by the commerce ministry, which is marked by arguments, perverse logic and forced conclusions. FDI in any field does not have an attached objective of fulfilling social agenda of the welfare state. It is guided by profit and market. This would result in commoditization of education. As per past most foreign institutes invest in technical courses which market needs rather than in quality education and research which is important for creating and developing human resource. There is a shortage of funds in higher education sector. Here are not many ways in which this investment in this sector can be increased in this sector domestically. Since a large number of students go abroad for their higher education, it is sensible to allow foreign universities to set up their campuses here, in India. This would help in arresting the outflow of monetary and human capital. Further, foreign higher educational institutes would create competition with the local institutes making them internationally competitive this article examines the issues and financial compulsions, presented in the consultation paper

Dr gedam kamalakar

Pyrazole is a nitrogen containing 5-membered heterocyclic compound containing 3 carbons& 2 nitrogen atoms in the adjacent position of ring structure and is chemically known as 1, 2- diazole. Pyrazole nucleus is present in many pharmaceutically important compounds and intermediates . Majority of anti-inflammatory agents currently employed have GI irritation and enhanced acidity as side effects. As part of our efforts to develop newer and effective anti-inflammatory agents , ten newer pyrazole carbaldehydes were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity using Diclofenac was the standard. Out of ten compounds synthesized, all compounds exhibited comparable activity with that of the standard.Highest percentage of haemolysis was observed for Pyrazole carbaldehydes with methoxy phenyl groups as substituents. These compounds should be considered for developing as leads for newer & safer anti-inflammatory agents.

Vinod b

Dignity therapy (DT) is an evidence-based psychotherapeutic approach originally designed to alleviate emotional and existential distress in patients with terminal illnesses. While dignity therapy has been well documented in palliative care, emerging perspectives suggest that its principles such as promoting autonomy, meaning, and self-worth can be beneficial for persons with severe mental illness (SMI) who often experience stigma, identity loss, and existential suffering. Although severe mental illness and terminal illness are distinct conditions both may involve the profound psychological and existential challenges that affect personal dignity. This paper explores the philosophical foundations and therapeutic benefits of dignity therapy, with a particular focus on its potential application in mental health settings. It highlights the significance of preserving dignity in psychiatric care and emphasizes the need for compassionate, personcentered mental health support tailored to the lived experiences of the person with severe mental illness.

Karishma

The seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris are known as common beans or kidney beans. The dry seeds are eaten as pulse and are enriched with protein, fiber, starch, B vitamins (B1, B6, B9), iron, potassium and selenium. Beans also contain about 1-2 % of fixed oil. Phaseolus vulgaris is linked to anticancer, antihyperlipidemic, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant actions. The fixed oil of Phaseolus vulgaris (PVFO) seeds is extracted with hexane and used in this study to assess acute oral toxicity, analgesic (by acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate and tail flick tests in mice) and antiinflammatory (by carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats) actions. Four groups were made (n=6): Group-I: Normal Saline Control (2ml/kg), Group-II: PVFO (2ml/kg), Group-III: PVFO (4ml/kg) and Group-IV: Standard Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA 300 mg/kg). PVFO in 2ml/kg and 4ml/kg doses demonstrated analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, but in hot plate, results were unreliable as significant activity started after 90 minutes. A 5ml/kg dose was administered orally in mice for a toxicity test, and no toxicity symptoms were observed. Therefore, PVFO is safe for oral use up to 5ml/kg and may possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions.

Dr. salman ahmed

At present, numerous approaches have been verified and suggested in relation to the innovation policy formulation of the enterprise. However, less attention is paid to regions in the developing world. An attempt is made in this thesis towards that direction. I argue that from the system of innovation theory perspective, innovation policy practice for regions in the developed world is a problem solving based process, due to the path dependency of innovation policy and the development level of advanced economies. For this purpose, the article proves the possibility of every company’s making much more profit by realizing and improving effective innovative management in the developing economy. And, it will be calculated and assessed the correlation link between the costs of innovation and total revenues of the world’s most innovative companies. In the end, it will be done some conclusions and discussions of nowadays innovators practice.

Ikboljon odashev mashrabjonovich

Stability studies ensuring the maintenance of product quality, safety and efficacy throughout the shelf life are considered as pre-requisite for the acceptance and approval of any pharmaceutical product. These studies are required to be conducted in a planned way following the guideline issused by ICH, WHO and or other agencies. Importance of various methods followed for stability testing of pharmaceutical products, guideline issued for stability testing and other aspects related to stability of pharmaceutical products have been presented in a present review.

Prachi barbhaiya

Pharmacists are expected to play major roles as members of diverse perioperative care teams besides implementing medication safety standards, pharmacist’s roles include optimizing drug therapy and other clinical interventions. Yet, developing general perioperative management as another crucial role operation room, pharmacists play and incorporating it into pharmaceutical education would be important. Enriching perioperative care provided by pharmacists can contribute toward improving the clinical competence of these professionals. Presently, there are no pharmacists in Zawia who participate in perioperative care. The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacist's knowledge of general anesthesia and drugs used to anesthetize patients who suffer from hypertension. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Zawia City, Tripoli in 2023. A self-designed questionnaire was distributed to 100 pharmacists. The study found that more than half of the pharmacists have humble knowledge about the drugs used in anesthesia, the findings indicated weakness in their information about drugs used to manage hypertension in surgery, and 36.0% know that sodium nitroprusside is used to control blood pressure during the operation. In conclusion, this study reported that some of the study's pharmacist participants had weak points that contributed to a high percentage of incorrect knowledge. These weak points may be attributable to poor educational preparation or a lack of training before the pharmacists began working in hospitals.

Mediterranean journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

cASUARINA EQUSITIFOLA IS A FAST GROWING EVERGREEN TREE GROWN BY FARMERS UNDER AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN tAMILNADU state of Southern India

Dr. saranya devi k

India’s economic system has undergone significant changes in recent years reflecting globalization and changes in national policies. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of India’s economic growth, focusing on imports and exports. The study explores the key drivers of economic expansion, including trade liberalization, trade agreements, and technological advancement. It also explores the impact of international trade and geopolitical events on business models. It assesses the role of policy measures such as the Goods and Services Tax (GST), the Make in India initiative, and various free trade agreements in generating economic benefits. The paper also assesses the trade balance and its impact on India’s economic stability and growth. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving the market, including diversifying entrepreneurs, investing in infrastructure, and strengthening the domestic economy. The review provides insights to policymakers, businesses, and academics who want to understand and harness India’s economic potential in the global economy.

Dr gedam kamalakar

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common, disabling neuro-degenerative disorders. The disease has a significant clinical impact on patients, families, and caregivers through its progressive degenerative effects on mobility and muscle control. Available treatments for PD have varied results. Although there are anecdotal reports of improvement with Homoeopathy, there is a dearth of literature concerning usefulness in management of PD Objectives: To assess the usefulness of ultrahigh dilution of Zinc in the management of PD. Methods: A case of PD under standard care and refractory to treatment visited Out- Patient Department and was assessed with and Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). As per the classical Homoeopathic guidelines Zincum metallicum 200 was prescribed after Repertorization. Results: UPDRS total score of 112 at baseline turned to 40 at the end of 1 year and 7 at the end of two years, in spite of reduction in the conventional medicines. Patient was on Stage 3 of Modified Hoehn and Yahr staging at the baseline and turned to Stage O in duration of 21 months. SEADL score has turned from 40% to 100%. Conclusion: Homoeopathic medicine Zincum met. is a valuable adjuvant in the management of Parkinson’s disease.

Dr deepthi gilla

Background: The legume pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), is one of the most damaging crop pests, including pigeonpea. Host plant resistance is a component of pest management and therefore, we standardize a nylon bag No-Choice Bioassay technique to screen for resistance to H. armigera under field conditions. Methods: Pigeonpea plants were infested with 24 h old 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 larvae per plant inside the nylon bag. Observations were recorded on pod damage, larval survival, larval weight, pupation, adult emergence, and fecundity after 10 days. Result: Pigeonpea varieties AL-201, H03-41 and PAU-881 exhibited lower pod damage (15.89 to 19.77%) and larval weight (12.02 to 13.82 mg). The expression of resistance to H. armigera was associated with trichome density, pod wall thickness and higher amount of phenolic compounds and condensed tannins. Lower trichome density and thin pod walls and higher amounts of sugars rendered the varieties Paras, Manak and Pussa-992 more susceptible to H. armigera. Nylon bag assay can be used to screen and select pigeonpea cultivars for resistance to H. armigera.

Dr. babu lal jat